Minimally invasive surgery uses tiny cuts within the skin — or no cuts in the least — instead of the massive cuts often needed in traditional surgery.

There are many kinds of minimally invasive surgery. Each involves the surgeon using an endoscope. This is a skinny tube with a light-weight and tiny video camera on the top. The endoscope lets the surgeon see inside the body and use very small surgical tools within the area.

Minimally invasive surgery can help patients have:

• shorter hospital stays
• quicker recovery times
• quicker recovery times
• less chance of infection and bleeding
• much smaller scars

The surgeon inserts the endoscope into the body through:

• the body's natural openings (like the nostrils or mouth) OR
• tiny cuts in the body

Images from the endoscope are shown on monitors in the operating room so surgeons can get a clear (and magnified) view of the surgical area.

The surgeon uses these to explore, remove, or repair a drag inside the body.

There are many different types of endoscopes. Some have tiny surgery tools on the end. Some are flexible, while others are stiff.

The kind of endoscope used depends on the surgery, and may need a special name. For example:

• laparoscope — surgeries inside the belly
• thoracoscope — procedures in the chest

Sometimes during minimally invasive surgery, the surgeon may need to modify to a standard surgery after looking inside the body. This can happen if the matter is different from what the surgeon expected.

Types of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery usually falls into these categories:

• Endoscopy: In this the surgeon uses the endoscope to perform the procedure. The endoscope directly inserts into the body's openings, without any cuts.
• Laparoscopy: This is also called "keyhole" cuts or incisions, in this the surgeon guides the endoscope and perform procedure by inserting the tools into the body.
• Robot-assisted surgery (robotic surgery): In this the surgeon makes several small cuts and guide the endoscope and robotic tools to insert into the body. From there, the surgeon controls the surgery while sitting at a close-by computer console.

TEP and TAPP

Ralph Ger described the primary potential laparoscopic hernia repair in 1982. He describes a metallic clip applying device to shut the hernia sac during laparotomy for other operations. He eventually describes one case of laparoscopic hernia repair during a similar fashion with metallic lips only. His approach was applicable to hernia sacs with defects less than 1.25 cm. He didn't describe reconstructing the inguinal floor and his approach wasn't applicable for direct inguinal hernias.

The first total extraperitoneal approach (TEP) to hernia repair was first described by McKernon and Laws in 1993

The indications for laparoscopic hernia repair, TAPP or TEP, are an equivalent for open hernia repair. They may be ideal for bilateral inguinal hernias and recurrences from anterior approaches, but is additionally appropriate with unilateral primary hernias when the surgeon is comfortable with the technique. For young, active males with primary hernias, it may offer decreased pain and an earlier return to activity.

Laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal Inguinal Hernia Repair (TAPP)

An infraumbilical incision is employed to access the greater peritoneal sac and a 10-12 mm trocar placed. An angled scope (30 degrees or more) is right and is employed to put two 5 mm ports either within the midline below the umbilicus or within the midclavicular line bilaterally. The hernia is visualized, and therefore the peritoneum overlying it incised sharply 3-4 cm superiorly from the medial umbilical ligament to the anterior superior iliac spine. Blunt dissection can be used to peal the peritoneal flaps inferiorly, exposing the inferior epigastric vessels, the pubic symphysis and the Cooper’s ligament, and the iliopubic tract. Care is taken to avoid the “Triangle of Doom” containing the external iliac vessels bordered by the ductus deferens medially and therefore the gonadal vessels laterally. The mesh is often placed directly over the cord structures, or “key-holed” to accommodate the cord, but could also be related to a better recurrence with the latter technique. Fixation can range from absorbable to non-absorbable tacking devices to the Cooper’s ligament along, to the Cooper’s ligament and the anterior abdominal wall, or with fibrin sealant, or no fixation at all. The lateral abdominal wall is avoided to prevent entrapment of nerves within the iliopubic tract. Then the peritoneum is re-approximated and ports removed under direct visualization. The fascial defect at the umbilicus is closed under direct visualization.

The operative layout of the total extraperitoneal repair is identical to the TAPP approach. The infraumbilical incision within the anterior fascia is formed lateral to the linea alba, and therefore the rectus muscle retracted laterally, exposing the posterior rectus sheath. A balloon dissector is often used or the laparscopic camera to open up the preperitoneal space under direct visualization. Any inadvertent tears in the peritoneum during dissection can produce a loss of working space. If this is often not successful, conversion to a TAPP repair would be appropriate.

Minimal invasive robotic kindey surgery

Surgeons can perform partial and radical nephrectomies through open surgery or a minimally invasive approach. Traditional open surgery requires a long incision in your side abdomen or back and may also require doctors to take out your lowest rib. During open surgery, the surgeon looks directly at the surgical area and removes part or the entire kidney using hand-held tools.

There are two invasive approaches partial and radical nephrectomies: laparoscopic surgery and robotic-assisted surgery, possibly with Leonardo technology. Surgeons perform minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgeries through a few small incisions. To perform a laparoscopic nephrectomy, surgeons use special long-handled tools while viewing magnified images from the laparoscope (camera) on a video screen.

Surgeons using this technology may be able to perform kidney surgery through a few small incisions (cuts). This system translates every hand movement your surgeon makes in real time to bend and rotate the instruments with precision.

A camera provides a high-definition, 3D magnified view inside your body. Your surgeon may use Firefly fluorescence imaging, which offers visualization beyond the human eye by activating injected dye to illuminate and clearly show the kidney structures and blood vessels. Firefly is usually wont to assess the blood flow to the kidney, which can help your surgeon during the procedure during a partial nephrectomy.

It’s important to recollect that Intuitive doesn't provide medical advice. After discussing all options together with your doctor, only you and your doctor can determine whether surgery with Leonardo is acceptable for your situation.

A review of published studies suggests that potential benefits of a partial nephrectomy with da Vinci technology include:

Patients may experience fewer overall complications than patients who had open or laparoscopic surgery.

Patients may stay in the hospital for a shorter amount of time than patients who had open surgery or shorter, or similar, time than patients who had laparoscopic surgery.

Surgeons may be less likely, or with similar likelihood, to switch to an open procedure when performing surgery with da Vinci, compared to when performing laparoscopic surgery

Risks related to nephrectomy (kidney removal) including partial nephrectomy (removing a part of the kidney) include poor kidney function often thanks to limited blood flow, leaking of urine, cut or tear in the spleen, pancreas or liver, bowel injury, trapped air between the chest wall and lung, injury to diaphragm (muscle separating the chest from the abdomen), urinary fistula (abnormal bond of an organ, intestine or vessel to a different a part of the body), abnormal pooling of urine, limited or stop blood supply to kidney, abnormal pooling of lymph fluid.

Minimal invasive robotic surgery for prostate cancer

This is used because prostatic adenocarcinoma often grows very slowly and a few men might never need treatment for his or her prostatic adenocarcinoma .

There are many active therapies like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, cryotherapy, and radiation. It is possible that your doctor will recommend a radical prostatectomy, which is surgery to get rid of your prostate and nearby tissue, also as lymph nodes which will be tested to see if the cancer has spread beyond the prostate gland.

Surgeons can perform a radical prostatectomy through open surgery, which requires a large incision in your abdomen, or a minimally invasive approach. In traditional open surgery, the surgeon looks directly at the surgical area through the incision and removes the prostate using hand-held tools

There are two minimally invasive approaches: laparoscopic prostatectomy and robotic-assisted surgery, possibly with Leonardo technology. Surgeons perform minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgeries through a few small incisions or a single small incision.

Surgeons using Leonardo technology could also be ready to remove your prostate through a couple of small incisions (cuts) or one small incision. A camera provides a high-definition, 3D magnified view inside your body. The Leonardo system translates every hand movement your surgeon makes in real time to bend and rotate the instruments with precision.

A review of published studies suggests that potential benefits of a radical prostatectomy with da Vinci technology include:

• Patients experience faster return of erectile function.
• Patients experience similar faster return of urinary continence.
• in comparison to patients who had open surgery, patients undergoing surgery with Leonardo may have less chance of being readmitted to the hospital after leaving.
• Patients experience similar complications after surgery compared to other patients.
• Patients may stay within the hospital for a shorter amount of your time than patients who had open surgery.

HYDROCELE

A hydrocele may be a sort of swelling within the scrotum that happens when fluid collects within the thin sheath surrounding a testicle. Hydrocele is common in newborns and typically disappears without treatment by age 1. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele thanks to inflammation or injury within the scrotum.

A hydrocele usually isn't painful or harmful and won't need any treatment. But if a scrotal swelling develops consultation from a doctor is needed to rule out other causes.

Usually, the sole indication of a hydrocele may be a painless swelling of 1 or both testicles.

Pain generally increases with the size of the inflammation. Sometimes, the swollen area could be smaller within the morning and bigger later within the day.

A baby's hydrocele typically disappears on its own. But if baby's hydrocele doesn't disappear after a year or if it enlarges, doctor consultation is needed.

Emergency medical treatment is required if patient develops sudden, severe scrotal pain or swelling, especially within several hours of an injury to the scrotum. These signs and symptoms can occur with variety of conditions, including blocked blood flow during a twisted testicle (testicular torsion). Testicular torsion must be treated within hours of the beginning of signs and symptoms to save the testicle.

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy/Uterus Removal

A hysterectomy is that the surgical removal of the uterus. Hysterectomies are performed for a good sort of reasons. A hysterectomy is operation but with new technological advances the discomfort, risk of infection and recovery time has all been decreased.

There are currently three surgical approaches to hysterectomies. These include:

• Open, traditional hysterectomy: This involves a six to twelve-inch incision made in the abdominal wall.
• Vaginal Hysterectomy: This involves removing the uterus through the vagina. This approach is best than the open, traditional hysterectomy but still doesn't allow the surgeon a full view of the encompassing organs, including the bladder.
• Robotic-Assisted Radical Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: Using a state-of-the art robotic platform allows the surgeon a full view of the surrounding organs and more precise control over incisions.
• Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy: When a portion of the operation (intra-abdominal) is completed with the laparoscope and the remainder of the operation (vaginal incision, excision of cervical tissues) is completed transvaginally.
• Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: When the whole operation is performed using the laparoscope and therefore the surgical specimen is removed via the vagina.

MYOMECTOMY

Myomectomy may be a surgery to get rid of uterine fibroids also called leiomyomas. These common noncancerous growths appear in the uterus. Uterine fibroids usually develop during childbearing years, but they can occur at any age.

The surgeon's goal during myomectomy is to require out symptom-causing fibroids and reconstruct the uterus.

Why it's done

Your doctor might recommend myomectomy for fibroids causing symptoms that are troublesome or interfere together with your normal activities. If you would like surgery, reasons to settle on a myomectomy rather than a hysterectomy for uterine fibroids include:

• You plan to bear children
• Your doctor suspects uterine fibroids might be interfering with your fertility
• You want to keep your uterus

Abdominal myomectomy

In abdominal myomectomy (laparotomy), the surgeon makes an open abdominal incision to access your uterus and remove fibroids. The surgeon will generally prefer to make a low, horizontal ("bikini line") incision, if possible. Vertical incisions are needed for larger uteruses.

Laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy

In this the surgeon accesses and removes fibroids through several small abdominal incisions.

Compared with women who have a laparotomy, women who undergo laparoscopy have less blood loss, shorter hospital stays and recovery, and lower rates of complications and adhesion formation after surgery. Robotic surgery take longer and costly, otherwise few differences in outcomes are reported.

• Laparoscopic myomectomy: The surgeon performs the surgery with instruments inserted through other small incisions in the abdominal wall.
• Robotic myomectomy: The surgeon inserts instruments through small incisions then controls movement of the instruments from a separate console.
  Sometimes, the fibroid is dig pieces (morcellation) and removed through alittle incision within the wall. Other times the fibroid is removed through a bigger incision in your abdomen so that it can be removed without being cut into pieces. Rarely, the fibroid could also be removed through an incision in your vagina (colpotomy).
• Hysteroscopic myomectomy: To treat smaller fibroids that bulge significantly into the uterus (submucosal fibroids), the surgeon may suggest a hysteroscopic myomectomy. The surgeon accesses and removes the fibroids using instruments inserted through your vagina and cervix into your uterus.

A hysteroscopic myomectomy generally follows this process:

• The surgeon inserts a small, lighted instrument through the vagina and cervix and into the uterus. He or she is going to most ordinarily use either a wire loop resectoscope to chop (resect) tissue using electricity or a hysteroscopic morcellator to manually cut the fibroid with a blade.
• A clear liquid, usually a sterile salt solution, is inserted in the uterus to expand the uterine cavity and allow examination of the uterine walls.
• The surgeon shaves pieces from the fibroid using the resectoscope or the hysteroscopic morcellator, taking out the pieces from the uterus until the fibroid is completely removed. Sometimes large fibroids can't be fully removed in one surgery, and a second surgery is needed.

Outcomes from myomectomy may include:

• Symptom relief: After myomectomy surgery, most girls experience relief of bothersome signs and symptoms, like excessive menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain and pressure.
• Fertility improvement After a myomectomy, suggested waiting time is three to six months before attempting conception to allow your uterus time to heal.

Ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs in an ovary and surface of ovary. Women have two ovaries each about the dimensions and shape of an almond on all sides of the uterus. Eggs (ova) which develop and mature in the ovaries are released in monthly cycles during the childbearing years.

Many women have ovarian cysts at some time. Most ovarian cysts present give little or no discomfort and are harmless. The majority disappears without treatment within a couple of months.

However, ovarian cysts — especially people who have ruptured — can cause serious symptoms. To protect your health, get regular pelvic exams and know the symptoms which will signal a potentially significant issue.

Most cysts don't cause symptoms and get away on their own. However, a large ovarian cyst can cause:

• Pelvic pain — a dull or sharp ache within the lower abdomen on the side of the cyst
• Fullness or heaviness in the abdomen
• Bloating

Seek immediate medical attention if there is:

• Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain
• Pain with fever or vomiting

If patient has these signs and symptoms or those of shock — cold, clammy skin, rapid breathing and lightheadedness or weakness — see a doctor right away.

Most ovarian cysts develop as a results of your cycle (functional cysts). Other types of cysts are much less common.

Functional cysts

Ovaries normally grow cyst-like structures called follicles monthly. Follicles produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone and release an egg during ovulatation.

If a normal monthly follicle keeps growing, it is known as a functional cyst. There are two types of functional cysts:

Follicular cyst. Around the midpoint of your cycle, an egg bursts out of its follicle and travels down the Fallopian tube.

Corpus luteum cyst. When a follicle releases its egg, it begins producing estrogen and progesterone for conception. This follicle is now called the corpus luteum. Sometimes, fluid accumulates inside the follicle, causing the endocrine gland to grow into a cyst.

Functional cysts are usually harmless, rarely cause pain and sometimes disappear on their own within two or three menstrual cycles.

Other cysts

Dermoid cysts: Also called teratomas, these cysts can contain tissue such as hair, skin or teeth because they form from embryonic cells. They are rarely cancerous.

Cystadenomas: These develop on the surface of an ovary and could be crammed with a watery or a mucous material.

Endometriomas: These develop as a results of a condition during which uterine endometrial cells grow outside your uterus (endometriosis).

Dermoid cysts and cystadenomas can become large causing the ovary to maneuver out of position. This increases the prospect of painful twisting of your ovary called ovarian torsion. Ovarian torsion can also end in decreasing or stopping blood flow to the ovary.

VARICOSE VEINS

Varicose veins are twisted, enlarged veins. That's because standing and walking upright increases the pressure in the veins of our lower body.

varicose veins which is also called spider veins is a common, mild variation of varicose veins are simply a cosmetic concern. For people, varicose veins can cause aching pain and discomfort. Sometimes varicose veins lead to more-serious problems.

Varicose veins may not cause any pain. The signs include:

• Veins that are dark purple
• Veins that appear twisted and bulging; they are often like cords on the legs.

When varicose veins have painful signs and symptoms occur, they may include:

• An achy or heavy feeling in the legs
• Burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in the lower legs
• Worsened pain after sitting or standing for an extended time
• Itching around the veins

Self-care like exercise, elevating the legs or wearing compression stockings can help ease the pain of varicose veins and will prevent them from getting worse.

Weak or damaged valves can cause varicose veins. Arteries carry blood from your heart to the remainder of your tissues, and veins return blood from the remainder of your body to your heart, therefore the blood are often recirculated.

Contractions in muscles in lower legs pumps, elastic vein walls help blood return to the heart. Tiny valves in your veins open as blood flows toward your heart then on the brink of stop blood from flowing backward. If these valves are weak or damaged, blood can flow backward and pool within the vein, causing the veins to stretch or twist.

Risk factors

These factors increase the risk of varicose veins:

• Age: the danger of varicose veins increases with age. Aging causes wear and tear of the valves in your veins that help regulate blood flow. Eventually, that wear causes the valves to permit some blood to flow back to the veins where it collects rather than flowing up to the guts.
• Sex: Women are more prone for the condition. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, premenstruation or menopause could even be a component because female hormones tend to relax vein walls. Hormone treatments, like contraception pills, may increase the danger of varicose veins.
• Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the quantity of blood in your body increases. this alteration supports the growing fetus, but can also produce an unfortunate side effect enlarged veins within the legs.
• case history.
• Obesity: Overweight.
• Standing or sitting for long periods of your time.

Complications of varicose veins, although rare, can include:

• Ulcers: Painful ulcers form on the skin near varicose veins. A discolored spot on the skin usually begins before an ulcer forms.
• Blood clots: Any persistent leg pain or swelling warrants medical attention because it's getting to indicate a grume — a condition known medically as thrombophlebitis.
• Bleeding: Occasionally, veins very on the brink of the skin may burst. This usually causes only minor bleeding.

There's no thanks to completely prevent varicose veins. An equivalent measure you'll fancy treat the discomfort from varicose veins reception can help prevent varicose veins, including:

• Exercising
• Watching your weight
• Eating a high-fiber, low-sodium diet
• Avoiding high heels and tight hosiery
• Elevating your legs
• Changing your sitting or standing position regularly